Group C-9 ‰»Šw\‘’@(Chemical Structure)  
œ Chromium and Chromium Compounds (ƒNƒƒ€‹y‚ΡƒNƒƒ€‰»‡•¨j
@@ CAS: 7440-47-3@@Natural/Industry @@@At. MW: 51.9961

yNotez (Cited from IARC Monographs, Suppl., 6, ,1987).
@@The genetic toxicity of chromium compounds has been reviewed recently (Venitt, 249, 1986). The markedly different chemical and biological properties of trivalent and hexavalent chromium are critical to an understanding of their genetic toxicity.
@@‚s‚’‚‰‚–‚‚Œ‚…‚Ž‚”@‚ƒ‚ˆ‚’‚‚‚‰‚•‚@i‚b‚’[III]) is the more stable oxidation state, and under physiological conditions it may form complexes with ligands such as nucleic acids, proteins and organic acids. Biological membranes are thought to be impermeable to ‚b‚’[III], although phagocytosis of particulate ‚b‚’[III] can occur. Hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) usually forms strongly oxidizing chromate and dichromate ions, which readily cross biological membranes and are easily reduced under physiological conditions to ‚b‚’[III]. ‚b‚’[III] compounds may be contaminated with Cr[VI] compounds (and vice versa).
@@Cr[VI]
@@People occupationally exposed to Cr[VI] compounds ( in chromate production and in electroplating factories) had elevated incidences of CAs in their peripheral blood Lym.; reports on SCE induction were conflicting. Workers exposed to chromium compounds during stainless-steel welding did not show increased incidences of CAs, MNs or SCEs in peripheral blood Lym. (see IARC, 23, 205; Leonard, 229, 1986; Venitt, 249, 1986).
@@Cr[VI] induced DL mutations, CAs and MNs in rodents treated in vivo. In human cells in vitro , it caused CAs, SCEs and DNA damage. In cultured rodent cells, it induced transformation, CAs, SCEs, mutation and DNA damage. It induced aneuploidy in Drosophila and mitotic recombinantion in yeast. It was mutagenic and caused DNA damage in bacteria.
@@Cr[III]
@@No data were available on the genetic and related effects of these compounds in humans.
@@there is no consistent evidence that water-soluble ‚b‚’[III] has genetic activity. The few positive results were obtained only with doses about 100 times higher than those of Cr[VI] required to produce such effects.
@@‚b‚’[III] did not induce MNs in bone-marrow cells of mice treated in vivo. Conflicting results were obtained for the induction of CAs in human Lym. in vitro, and neither SCEs nor UDS was induced in human cells in vitro. Conflicting results were obtained concerning the induction of CAs, mutation and SCEs in rodent cells in culture. ‚b‚’[III] did not induce mutation in bacteria, but induced DNA damage.
@@Insoluble crystalline chromium oxide (Cr2O3) induced SCEs and mutation in cultured Chinese hamster cells, which were shown to contain particles of the test material.@@

œ Chromium carbonyl (ƒNƒ[ƒ€ƒJƒ‹ƒ{ƒjƒ‹GƒwƒCƒTƒJƒ‹ƒ{ƒjƒ‹ƒNƒ[ƒ€j
@ 
CAS: 13007-92-6 Industry @MW: 228.3
CA CHL/IU Min (2.0mg/ml, +S9), 6-18h; D20= 1.6; TR= 10
›
1)
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998j (Tables in English)

œ Chromium (III) chloride i‰–‰»‘ζ“ρƒNƒƒ€j@@@@@@@@ @@
@@@10060-12-5 Industry@ 266.44
AM Sal./E. coli Max (10.0 mg/plate, }S9)
 
1)
1) Ministry of Labor, Japan; Mutagen. Test Data of Exist. Chem. Subst.; JETOC (Ed.) (1996)  (Tables in English)

œ Chromium (III) potassium sulfate (12 hydrate) (Ptassium chromic sulfate)@@@@@@@@@    7788-99-0@ Industry@ 499.39
AM Sal./E. coli Max (10.0 mg/plate, }S9)
›
1)
1) Ministry of Labour, Japan; Mutagen. Test Data of Exist. Chem. Subst.; JETOC (Ed.) (1996)  (Tables in English)

œ Chromium (III) sulfate (X hydrate)@@@@@@@@ @@
@@  
15244-38-9@ Industry@
@AM Sal./E. coli Max (10.0 mg/plate, }S9)
›
1)
1) Ministry of Labour, Japan; Mutagen. Test Data of Exist. Chem. Subst.; JETOC (Ed.) (1996) (Tables in English)

œ Chrysene @iƒNƒŠƒZƒ“j
@@ 218-01-9@@@Laboratory @@@ 228.30
AM Sal Min (50 ƒΚM, }S9)
›
1)
AM Sal Min (10 ƒΚg/plate, +S9)
›
2)
YM Yeast Max (330 mg/kg, Host Mediated)
 
3)
SM V79 Max ( 1ƒΚg/ml)
 
4)
SM Human cells Max ( 4 ƒΚM)
 
5)
DNA E. coli/Repair Min ( 20-100ƒΚg/ml)
›
6)
DNA Rat Hepatocytes Max (0.0001M)
 
7)
CT C3H/M2 Max (5-40ƒΚg/mg, -S9)
 
8)
CAv Ham/BM
Spermatogonia
Max (450 mgkg, po)
 
9)
SCEv Hamster/BM Min ( 2x450 mg/kg, ip)
›
10)
1) Sakai M., et al.: Mutation Res., 156, 61-67 (1985)
2) McCann J., et al. : Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. (USA), 72, 51395-5@@@@@@
3) Simmon VF., et al.: J. Natl Cancer Inst., 62, 911-918 (1979)
4) Huberman E. & Sacks L.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 73, 188-192 (1976)
5) Huberman E., et al.: Mutation Res., 130, 127-137 (1984)
6) Ohta T., et al.: Mutation Res., 131, 101-109 (1984)
7) Tong C., et al.: Environ. Mutagen., 3, 477-478 (1981)
8) Glatt H., et al.: Cancer Res., 46, 4556-4565 (1986)
9) Basler A., et al.: Mutation Res., 48, 249-254 (1977)
10) Roszinsky KG., et al.: Mutation Res., 66, 65-67 (1979)

œ Cinnamic aldehyde iƒPƒC”ηƒAƒ‹ƒfƒqƒhj
@@ 104-55-2@@@Food@@@ 132.16
AM Sal. TA100 Min (0.1mg/plate, }S9) (by the Mutation frequency test)
›
1)
CA CHL/IU Min (0.01mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h; D20= 0.009;TR= 2100; (also Poly, -S9, 48h)

2)
MN Mice Max ( 250 mg/kg x 4, ip, 24h
 
3)
1) Ishidate MJr. (Ed.) Data Book of Mutagenicity Tests on Chemicals in Bacteria, LIC/Tokyo (1991)
2) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test in vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998j
(Tables in English)
3) Hayashi M, et al: Fd Chem. Toxicol., 26, 487-500 (1988)

œ Cinnamyl anthranilate@iƒPƒC”ηƒAƒ“ƒgƒ‰ƒjƒŒ[ƒgj
@@@ 87-29-6@@Food@@ 253.30
AM Sal. Max ( 10 mg/plate, }S9)
 
1)
CA CHL/IU Max ( 0.1mg/ml, }S9), 6-18h;
 
2)
1) Ishidate MJr. (Ed.) Data Book of Mutagenicity Tests on Chemicals in Bacteria, LIC/Tokyo (1991)  (Tables in English)
2) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998j  (Tables in English)

œ Cinosulfuron iƒZƒCƒ‰ƒ“ƒgj
@@ 94593-91-6@Pesticide@ 413.41
REC B. subtilis Max ( 6.0 mg/disk)
 
1)
AM Sal./E. coli Max ( 0.1 mg/plate)
 
1)
CA Human LY Max ( 1.0 mg/ml)
 
1)
1) Nihon Ciba Gigy Co. Ltd.: J. Pesticide Science, 17, S165-S169 (1992)

œ Citral iƒVƒgƒ‰[ƒ‹j
@@ 5392-40-5@Food@ 152.26
AM Sal. Max (0.5 mg/ml, }S9)
 
1)
CA CHL/IU Max (0.03 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h (No data for +S9)
 
2)
1) Ishidate MJr. (Ed.) Data Book of Mutagenicity Tests on Chemicals in Bacteria, LIC/Tokyo (1991)  (Tables in English)
2) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test in vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998j  (Tables in English)

œ Citric acid
iƒNƒGƒ“Ž_j
@@ 77-92-9@Food/Medicine@ 192.13
AM Sal/E. coli Max (5.0 mg/ml, }S9)@
 
1)
CA CHL/IU Max (0.03 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h (No data for +S9)
 
2)
1) Ishidate MJr. (Ed.) Data Book of Mutagenicity Tests on Chemicals in Bacteria, LIC/Tokyo (1991)  (Tables in English)
2) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test in vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998j (Tables in English)

œ Citronella oil iƒVƒgƒƒlƒ‰–ϋj
@@
8000-29-1@@Food/Natural
REC Rec-assay Min (?) › 1)
AM Sal/E. coli Max (5 mg/plate, }S9)   1)
CA CHL/IU Max ( 0.15 mg/ml, -S9), 24h; (No data for +S9)
Poly; Min ( 0.1mg/ml, -S9), 48h
’
›
2)
1) Hachiya N. et al.: Toxicol Forum., 8, 91-105 (1985)  ( in Japanese)
2) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test in vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998j (Tables in English)

œ Citrus fruit seed extract@iƒ`ƒ“ƒs‰ΚŽν’Šo•¨j @
@@@@Food/Natural@
CA CHL/IU Max (2.0mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h (No data for +S9)
 
1)
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test in vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998j  (Tables in English)

œ Clofibrate iƒNƒƒtƒBƒuƒŒ[ƒgj
@@@ 637-07-0 @Medicine@ 242.70
AM Sal/E. coli Max( 0.5 mg/ml)
 
1)
CA CHL/IU Min(@0.25 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48hGD20=0.36; TR=16
›w
2)
1) Warren JR et al.: Cancer Res., 40, 36-41 (1980)
2) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test in vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998j (Tables in English)

yNotez (Cited from IARC Monographs, Suppl., 6, ,1987)
@@No data were available on the genetic and related effects of clobibrate in human.
@@It did not induce CAs in Chinese hamster fibroblasts in vitro* and was not mutagenic to bacteria.
    (IARC Monographs, 24, 39)
    (* Weakly positive in CHL/IU cells)
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